# al-Maṣādir — Archive of Islamic Primary Sources
> A neutral, citation-exact research archive of classical Islamic primary sources (Cairo 1924 Qur'an, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, the Sunan, classical Fiqh manuals, and medieval chronicles), presented in Arabic alongside verified English, Bengali, and Spanish translations.

## Core Documentation & Open Datasets
- [Full Corpus JSON](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/downloads/al-masadir-corpus.json): Complete peer-reviewed database of 164 entries with full Arabic matn.
- [Tabular Dataset CSV](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/downloads/al-masadir-corpus.csv): Tabular spreadsheet for computational linguistics and corpus analysis.
- [Historical Campaigns GeoJSON](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/downloads/historical-campaigns.geojson): 34 verified spatial coordinates (622–1669 CE).
- [Interactive Historical Maps](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/maps): Cartographic chronology of early expeditions and sieges.
- [Doctrinal Knowledge Graph](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/graph): Interactive network connecting scriptural verses to jurisprudence.
- [Archive Statistics](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/data): Canonical source distribution metrics and expedition frequency charts.
- [Editorial Methodology](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/methodology): Peer verification standards, grading, and translation rules.
- [Contact & Inquiries](mailto:al-masadir-info@proton.me): Secure contact at al-masadir-info@proton.me.
- [Canonical Sources](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/sources): Catalogue of classical editions admitted to the archive.
- [Classical Scholars](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/scholars): Registered biographical registry of classical authorities.

## Research Topics & Entries Index (164 Entries)

### Jihad & warfare (الجهاد والقتال / জিহাদ ও যুদ্ধ) — 27 Entries
> The Qur'anic and prophetic texts on fighting — offensive and defensive — including the 'Verse of the Sword' (9:5), the jizya verse (9:29), and the classical exegesis of these commands.

- [The Captives of Badr and the Verse of Reproach — Qur'an 8:67–68](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/badr-captives-reproach-verse): The divine reproach in Surat al-Anfal regarding the Prophet taking ransoms for the Meccan polytheist captives of Badr instead of executing them until thorough slaughter/subjugation was established in the land. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:67–68 (Surat al-Anfal); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 1763)
- [Use of Catapults, Fire, and Human Shields (al-Turs) in Siege Warfare — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/fiqh-siege-catapults-turs-shield): The classical juristic doctrines (al-Sarakhsi, Ibn Qudama, al-Nawawi) authorizing the bombardment of besieged enemy fortresses using mangonels (catapults), incendiary fire, and flooding, even if non-combatant women, children, or captive Muslims are present as human shields (al-Turs). (Primary Sources: Al-Mughni (9/230), Kitab al-Jihad, Mas'alat Ramy al-Kuffar bi-l-Manjaniq; Al-Mabsut (10/65), Kitab al-Siyar, Bab Qital Ahl al-Harb)
- [Jihad as the best deed — Sahih al-Bukhari 1519 and 1520](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-jihad-best-deed): The hadith ranking jihad second only to faith among deeds, and its companion report addressed to the women — that their best jihad is the accepted Hajj. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hajj, no. 1519; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hajj, no. 1520; Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman (on the parallel narration))
- [The Six Specific Rewards of the Martyr — Jami' al-Tirmidhi 1663](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-martyr-rewards): The prophetic tradition specifying six divine privileges for the battlefield martyr, including marriage to seventy-two wide-eyed maidens of Paradise (Hur al-'Ayn) and intercession for seventy relatives. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab Fada'il al-Jihad, no. 1663 (also Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 2799); Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi bi-Sharh Jami' al-Tirmidhi, on Hadith 1663)
- [The wish for martyrdom, and the five who are martyrs](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-martyr): The Prophet's oath that he would love to be killed in Allah's path, raised, and killed again; and the hadith listing five categories of martyr, of which the one killed in Allah's path is the last. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2797 (Bab tamanni al-shahada); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2829 (Bab al-shahada sab'un siwa al-qatl))
- [The martyrs and the sincerity of fighting — Sahih al-Bukhari 2810 and 2829](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-martyrs): The two hadiths defining legitimate fighting — fought so that the word of Allah is the highest, not for spoils or fame — and the five categories of martyrdom. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2810; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2829; Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Imara (on the parallel narration))
- [Collateral Night Attacks on Women and Children — Sahih al-Bukhari 3012](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-night-attacks-bayat): The Prophet's ruling permitting nocturnal raids (al-bayat) on polytheist camps where women and children might be struck and killed inadvertently: 'They are of them.' (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 3012 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1745a); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 3012)
- ['Paradise is under the shades of swords' — Sahih al-Bukhari 2818](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-paradise-under-swords): The brief Prophetic statement that Paradise lies under the shades of swords — one of the most cited texts on the merit of fighting — with its classical frame. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2818; Fath al-Bari, on 2818 (Kitab al-Jihad))
- [Sent with the Sword Before the Hour — Musnad Ahmad 5114](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-sent-with-sword): The prophetic tradition declaring mission by the sword until Allah alone is worshipped, provision placed under the spear, and humiliation upon opponents. (Primary Sources: Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad al-Mukaththirin, no. 5114 (and 5667); cited by al-Bukhari without isnad in Kitab al-Jihad; Al-Hikam al-Jadirah bi-l-Idha'ah, commentary on Hadith Ibn Umar)
- [The Three Demands to Non-Muslims (Islam, Jizya, or the Sword) — Sahih Muslim 1731](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-three-options-buraydah): The foundational instructions delivered by the Prophet to military commanders: confront polytheist enemies with three sequential demands: acceptance of Islam, payment of the Jizya poll tax in submission, or warfare by the sword with Allah's aid. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 1731a)
- [The first command to fight — Qur'an 2:190-193](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-190-193): The Medinan verses that first command fighting — against those who fight you, without transgression, until fitnah ceases and religion is for Allah — with their internal limits and classical exegesis. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:190-193 (Surat al-Baqara); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:190-193)
- [The first permission to fight — Qur'an 22:39-40](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-22-39-40): The verses the classical exegetes record as the first permission to fight — granted to those who were expelled from their homes for saying 'our Lord is Allah' — with the protection-of-houses-of-worship clause. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 22:39-40 (Surat al-Hajj); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 22:39)
- ['We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve' — Qur'an 3:151](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-3-151): The verse of the divine casting of terror into the disbelievers' hearts — for their associating partners with Allah — with its classical frame at the end of the Uhud narrative. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 3:151 (Surat Al 'Imran); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 3:151)
- ['Let those fight who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter' — Qur'an 4:74-76](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-74-76): The three verses on fighting for the Hereafter, the command to fight for the oppressed, and the two camps — the believers fighting in the way of Allah, the disbelievers in the way of the taghut. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:74-76 (Surat al-Nisa'); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:74-76)
- ['Take them and kill them wherever you find them' — Qur'an 4:89-91](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-89-91): The three verses on those who desire the believers' apostasy: the command against taking them as allies, the order to seize and kill them if they turn away, and the two explicit exceptions — those bound by treaty and those who keep the peace. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:89-91 (Surat al-Nisa'); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:89-91)
- [Prohibition of Peace Treaties when Dominant & Superior — Qur'an 47:35](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-47-35-no-peace-treaty-superior): Qur'an 47:35 commands Muslims: 'So do not falter and cry out for peace while you have the upper hand and are superior, and Allah is with you.' In classical Sunni jurisprudence, this verse establishes the normative rule that peace treaties (hudna) or non-aggression pacts with non-Muslim nations are legally impermissible when the Islamic state possesses military superiority, and may only be concluded temporarily in times of extreme weakness or tactical necessity. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 47:35 (Surat Muhammad); Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī on Qur'an 47:35 (ed. Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 16/257))
- [Captives of war — Qur'an 47:4 (favor or ransom)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-47-4): The command to strike the necks of the enemy until the battle is won, then to bind captives and choose between release by favor and ransom — the scriptural frame of the classical law of captives. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 47:4 (Surat Muhammad); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 47:4)
- ['You will be called to a people of severe might' — Qur'an 48:16-20](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-48-16-20): The verses of the Hudaybiyya settlement: the call to the Bedouins who held back, the pledge of the tree, and the promise of abundant spoils — the frame of the later campaigns. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 48:16-20 (Surat al-Fath); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 48:16-20)
- ['A trade that will save you' — Qur'an 61:10-13](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-61-10-13): The call to the 'trade' of faith and striving in the way of Allah with wealth and lives — with the promised forgiveness, gardens, and victory. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 61:10-13 (Surat al-Saff); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 61:10-13)
- ['Strike above the necks' — Qur'an 8:12 (Badr)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-8-12): The verse describing the divine aid at Badr — the casting of terror and the command to strike above the necks and every fingertip — with its classical reading as the frame of the battle order. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:12 (Surat al-Anfal); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 8:12)
- ['Fight until there is no fitnah' — Qur'an 8:39](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-8-39): The verse commanding fighting until fitnah ceases and the religion is entirely for Allah — with the cessation clause and the classical exegesis of 'fitnah'. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:38-39 (Surat al-Anfal); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 8:39)
- ['Prepare against them whatever force you can' — Qur'an 8:60](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-8-60): The verse commanding the preparation of force and war-horses to deter the enemies of Allah — with the classical exegesis of its scope and its frame within the law of war. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:60 (Surat al-Anfal); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 8:60)
- ['Allah has bought from the believers their lives and wealth' — Qur'an 9:111](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-111): The verse of the 'purchase' — Paradise in exchange for lives and wealth spent fighting in the way of Allah — with the classical reading of its frame. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:111 (Surat al-Tawba); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:111)
- ['Fight those of the disbelievers who are near you' — Qur'an 9:123](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-123): The verse ordering the fight against the nearest disbelievers and the harshness to be found in the believers — with the classical exegesis of its scope. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:123 (Surat al-Tawba); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:123)
- [Global Supremacy of Islam Over All Religions — Qur'an 9:33 & 61:9](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-33-global-supremacy): The Qur'anic proclamation that Allah sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to make it dominant over all other religions, interpreted by classical exegetes (Ibn Kathir, al-Tabari) as the divine mandate for political and military supremacy across the globe. (Primary Sources: Surat al-Tawba (9:33); also Surat al-Saff (61:9) and Surat al-Fath (48:28); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:33)
- [The Verse of the Sword — Qur'an 9:5](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-5-ayat-al-sayf): The command to kill polytheists after the expiry of the sacred months, its internal condition (repentance, prayer, zakat), and the classical reading of it as 'the Verse of the Sword' that abrogated earlier truce verses. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:5 (Surat al-Tawba); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, no. 25 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 22); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:5)
- ['Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be harsh with them' — Qur'an 9:73 (66:9)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-73): The twin verses commanding the Prophet to strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and to be harsh with them — with the classical exegesis of the two spheres. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:73 (Surat al-Tawba); Al-Qur'an 66:9 (Surat al-Tahrim); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:73)

### Non-Muslims under Muslim rule (أهل الذمة / মুসলিম শাসনে অমুসলিম) — 19 Entries
> The dhimma system: jizya, the pact of protection, legal and social restrictions on non-Muslim subjects as set out in the Qur'an, the hadith, and classical juristic works such as al-Mawardi's al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya.

- [Expulsion of Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula — Sahih Muslim 1767a](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/expulsion-jews-christians-arabia): The deathbed command of the Prophet requiring the total expulsion of Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula until only Muslims remain, later executed under the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 1767a (also Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 3053, 3168); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jizyah wa-l-Muwada'ah, no. 3168; Sharh Sahih Muslim, on Hadith 1767)
- [The Eschatological Battle Against the Jews and the Gharqad Tree — Sahih al-Bukhari 2926](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-gharqad-end-times): The prophetic tradition forecasting the apocalyptic battle against the Jews before the Day of Resurrection, wherein inanimate rocks and trees will speak to reveal fleeing Jews to be killed, except the Gharqad tree. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 2926 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 2922); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Fitan wa-Ashrat al-Sa'ah, no. 2922; Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 2926)
- [No inheritance between two religions — Sahih al-Bukhari 6764](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-inheritance-two-religions): The hadith that a Muslim does not inherit from a disbeliever and a disbeliever does not inherit from a Muslim — the classical basis of the rule separating the two communities in inheritance law. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Fara'id, no. 6764; al-Mughni, Kitab al-Fara'id)
- [Prohibition of Initiating Salam and Crowding Non-Muslims to the Narrow Path — Sahih Muslim 2167a](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-narrowest-path-greetings): The prophetic command forbidding Muslims from initiating the peace greeting (Salam) with Jews and Christians, and instructing believers to crowd them to the narrowest edge of the pathway when meeting them on roads. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Salam, no. 2167a (also Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 1602; Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 5205); Sharh Sahih Muslim, on Hadith 2167; Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimmah (1/422))
- [Prohibition of Mutual Inheritance Between Muslims and Non-Muslims — Sahih al-Bukhari 6764](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-no-inheritance-muslim-non-muslim): The canonical prophetic ruling declaring that a Muslim does not inherit from a non-Muslim disbeliever, nor does a disbeliever inherit from a Muslim, establishing difference in religion as an absolute legal impediment to testamentary estate succession. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Fara'id, no. 6764 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1614))
- [The classical law of the jizya — al-Mawardi's al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/jizya-rates-classical): A reference entry on the classical juristic framework of the jizya: its two kinds, the fixed annual rates, the exemptions, and the rights exchanged — as set out in the classical fiqh of government. (Primary Sources: al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, Kitab al-Jizya (chapter on the jizya and its kinds))
- [Command to Kill Dogs and the Black Dog as a Devil — Sahih Muslim 1572, 510a](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/killing-black-dogs-shaytan): The prophetic decree ordering the general extermination of dogs in Medina, later modified to mandate the killing of all solid black dogs with two spots on the grounds that 'it is a devil (shaytan).' (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Musaqah, no. 1572; Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Sayd, no. 2845 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1570); Majmu' al-Fatawa (19/48))
- [Prohibition of Building Churches and Displaying Crosses (Pact of Umar) — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/pact-of-umar-churches-restriction): The canonical legal stipulations recorded in the Pact of Umar (al-Shurut al-'Umariyyah) and classical commentaries (Ibn Kathir, Ibn al-Qayyim) barring non-Muslim subjects from building new churches or monasteries, repairing ruined ones, ringing bells loudly, or displaying crosses publicly. (Primary Sources: Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:29 (Recording the Text of the Pact of Umar); Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimmah (2/657), Bab Ahkam al-Kana'is)
- [Impurity of Polytheists and Exclusion from Sacred Spaces — Qur'an 9:28](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/polytheists-physical-impurity-najis): The scriptural declaration in Surat al-Tawba that polytheists are impure (najas), serving as the legal basis barring non-Muslims from approaching the Sacred Mosque of Mecca, and the classical debate between physical impurity (Zahiriyya) and spiritual/creedal impurity (Jumhur). (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:28 (Surat al-Tawba); Al-Jami' li-Ahkam al-Qur'an, on 9:28)
- [Prohibition of Congratulating Non-Muslims on Religious Holidays — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/prohibition-congratulating-non-muslim-festivals): The unanimous classical consensus (Ibn al-Qayyim, Ibn Taymiyya) across the Sunni schools that congratulating Christians, Jews, or polytheists on their religious festivals (e.g., Christmas, Easter) is strictly forbidden (Haram) and equated with celebrating idolatry and polytheism. (Primary Sources: Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimmah (1/441), Fasl fi Tahni'at Ahl al-Dhimmah)
- [No compulsion in religion — Qur'an 2:256](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-256-no-compulsion): The verse denying compulsion in religion, its classical exegesis, and its place in the classical system alongside the jizya arrangement for the People of the Book. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:256 (Surat al-Baqara); Jami' al-Bayan, on 2:256)
- [The reward of the believers among the revealed communities — Qur'an 2:62 and 5:69](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-62-5-69): The twin verses naming the Jews, Christians, and Sabians among those whose faith in Allah and the Last Day and whose righteous work earns the divine reward — the classical frame of the religious status of the People of the Book. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:62 (Surat al-Baqara); Al-Qur'an 5:69 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:62)
- [Food and marriage with the People of the Book — Qur'an 5:5](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-5): The verse declaring the food of the People of the Book lawful for Muslims, and their chaste women lawful in marriage — one of the classical foundations of the dhimmi relationship. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:5 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:5)
- [Prohibition of Taking Jews and Christians as Allies (al-Wala' wa-l-Bara') — Qur'an 5:51](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-51-no-allies-jews-christians): The scriptural prohibition forbidding Muslims from taking Jews and Christians as intimate allies or patrons (awliya'), declaring that whoever allies with them becomes one of them. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:51 (Surat al-Ma'idah); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:51; Jami' al-Bayan 'an Ta'wil Ay al-Qur'an, on 5:51)
- [The Doctrine of al-Walāʾ wal-Barāʾ & Perpetual Enmity — Qur'an 60:4](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-60-4-al-wala-wal-bara): Qur'an 60:4 establishes the exemplar of Abraham and his companions who declared to their polytheist people: 'Indeed, we disown you... and there has appeared between us and you enmity and hatred forever until you believe in Allah alone.' This verse serves as the primary scriptural locus for the classical and contemporary doctrine of al-Walāʾ wal-Barāʾ (Loyalty to Muslims and Disavowal of Non-Muslims). (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 60:4 (Surat al-Mumtahana); Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr on Qur'an 60:4 (ed. Dar Tayba, 8/87))
- [Justice toward non-belligerent non-Muslims — Qur'an 60:8-9](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-60-8-9): The two verses that divide the world of non-Muslims into two classes in the classical reading: those who did not fight or expel the Muslims — toward whom righteousness and justice are commanded — and those who did, with whom alliance is forbidden. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 60:8-9 (Surat al-Mumtahina); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 60:8-9)
- [Prohibition of Seeking Forgiveness for Deceased Polytheists and Parents — Qur'an 9:113](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-113-no-forgiveness-polytheists): The scriptural and prophetic prohibition forbidding the Prophet and believers from seeking divine forgiveness or praying funeral prayers for non-Muslim relatives, including the Prophet's mother and his uncle Abu Talib. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:113 (Surat al-Tawba); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Jana'iz, no. 976b (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 3234; Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 2034); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Tafsir al-Qur'an, no. 4772)
- [The Jizya Verse — Qur'an 9:29 and the dhimma](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-29-jizya): The command to fight the People of the Book until they pay the jizya 'out of hand, humiliated', the classical exegesis of that phrase, the protective pact of the dhimma, and the classical restrictions on non-Muslim subjects. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:29 (Surat al-Tawba); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jizya, no. 3166; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:29)
- [Disbelievers Designated as the Worst of All Creatures — Qur'an 98:6](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-98-6-worst-of-creatures): The Qur'anic declaration that those who disbelieve among the People of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) and the polytheists will abide eternally in Hellfire and are categorized ontologically as 'the worst of all creatures' (sharr al-bariyyah). (Primary Sources: Surat al-Bayyinah (98:6); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 98:6)

### Women (المرأة / নারী) — 23 Entries
> Classical texts on women: polygamy, guardianship and maintenance (4:34), inheritance shares, testimony, and marriage of minors — with the full range of classical exegesis.

- [The marriage of Aisha (r.a.) — age six, consummated at nine](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/aisha-marriage): The hadith reports on the Prophet's marriage to Aisha, the Quranic verse on the waiting period of girls who have not menstruated, and the classical juristic position that the father may marry off his young virgin daughter. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Manaqib al-Ansar, no. 3896 (in-book: Book 63, hadith 121); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1422a (in-book: Book 16, hadith 81) — chapter: 'The marriage of a young virgin by her father'; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 5134 (chapter: 'The marrying of a daughter by her father to a ruler'); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 5158 (chapter: 'Whoever consummated his marriage with a lady of nine years of age'); Al-Qur'an 65:4 (Surat al-Talaq); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 65:4)
- [Forfeiture of Child Custody (Hadanah) Upon a Mother's Remarriage — Sunan Abi Dawud 2276](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/custody-loss-remarriage-hadanah): The prophetic judgment establishing that a divorced mother retains primary custody of her young child only so long as she remains unmarried, losing custody to the father or his family immediately upon contracting a new marriage. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Talaq, no. 2276 (also Musnad Ahmad, no. 6707); Al-Mughni (Kitab al-Hadanah, Bab Suqut al-Hadanah bi-l-Nikah))
- [Female Circumcision (Khifad / Khafd) in Classical Hadith and Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/female-circumcision-khifad): The scriptural and juristic texts addressing female genital excision (khifad), its connection to ritual purity (when the two circumcised parts meet), and its classification in classical Islamic schools as obligatory (Shafi'i/Hanbali) or recommended/noble (Hanafi/Maliki). (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hayd, no. 349; Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Adab, no. 5271; Al-Majmu' Sharh al-Muhadhdhab (1/300))
- [Divine Curse on Eyebrow Plucking, Tattoos, and Wigs — Sahih al-Bukhari 5931](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-curse-plucking-eyebrows-tattoos): The canonical prophetic tradition pronouncing divine curses upon women who add hair extensions (wigs), pluck or shape eyebrows (al-Namisah), get tattoos, or file teeth for cosmetic beautification, categorizing such acts as forbidden alterations of Allah's creation. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Libas, no. 5931 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 2125))
- ['Deficient in intellect and religion' — Sahih al-Bukhari 304](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-deficiency-intellect): The Eid-sermon hadith addressed to the women — the majority of the people of the Fire, deficiency in intellect and religion — with the Prophet's own explanations of the two deficiencies, and the classical commentary. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hayd, no. 304; Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman (commentary on the parallel narration))
- [Prohibition of Female Political Rule and Judiciary — Sahih al-Bukhari 4425](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-female-leadership-prohibition): The prophetic declaration that a nation which entrusts its leadership or rule to a woman will never prosper, serving as the foundational classical legal basis barring women from the Caliphate, head of state, and supreme judiciary. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4425 (also Kitab al-Fitan, no. 7099; Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 5388; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 2262); Sharh al-Sunnah (10/77), on Hadith Abu Bakra)
- [Women as the Majority of Inhabitants in Hellfire — Sahih al-Bukhari 29, 1052](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-majority-in-hell-women-ingratitude): The canonical sermon where the Prophet declared that he was shown the Hellfire and found the majority of its dwellers to be women, attributing their damnation to ungratefulness toward their husbands (kufr al-'ashir) and cursing. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, no. 29 (also Kitab al-Kusuf, no. 1052; Sahih Muslim, no. 885); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 29)
- [A Man Not Questioned as to Why He Beat His Wife — Sunan Abi Dawud 2147](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-man-not-questioned-beating-wife): The transmission from Umar ibn al-Khattab recording the prophetic statement that a husband shall not be questioned (by authorities or on the Day of Judgment) regarding why he beat his wife for domestic discipline. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 2147 (also Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 1986; Musnad Ahmad, no. 122); 'Awn al-Ma'bud Sharh Sunan Abi Dawud, on Hadith 2147)
- [Severing of Prayer by Women, Donkeys, and Dogs — Sahih Muslim 510a](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-prayer-severed-women-dogs-donkeys): The prophetic tradition stating that an unshielded prayer is severed/invalidated by the passing of a woman, a donkey, and a black dog, alongside Aisha's sharp recorded protest against comparing women to animals. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Salat, no. 510a (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 702); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Salat, no. 511 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 512))
- [Prostration to Husbands and Extent of Marital Rights — Jami' al-Tirmidhi 1159](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-wife-prostration): The prophetic tradition stating that if it were permissible for a human being to prostrate to another human being, women would have been commanded to prostrate to their husbands due to the magnitude of the husband's rights over them. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Rada', no. 1159 (also Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 1853; Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 2140); Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, no. 12614 (and Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 1853))
- [Angels Cursing the Wife Who Refuses Her Husband's Bed — Sahih al-Bukhari 3237](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-wife-sexual-refusal): The prophetic tradition declaring that when a husband invites his wife to bed and she refuses, causing him to spend the night angry with her, the angels curse her until the morning. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Bad' al-Khalq, no. 3237 (and Kitab al-Nikah, no. 5193; also Sahih Muslim, no. 1436); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1436b; Sharh Sahih Muslim, on Hadith 1436)
- [Prohibition of Women Traveling Without a Male Mahram — Sahih al-Bukhari 1862](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-woman-travel-without-mahram): The canonical prophetic ruling forbidding any woman from undertaking a journey of a day and night without an unmarriageable male guardian (Mahram) or her husband, establishing strict legal limits on female physical mobility in classical jurisprudence. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Jazaa al-Sayd, no. 1862 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1339))
- ['Women are created from a rib' — Sahih al-Bukhari 5185-5186](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-women-rib): The hadith on the creation of women from a rib and the exhortation to treat them well — with the classical commentary that the crookedness is a fact to be lived with, not an invitation to harm. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 5185-5186; Fath al-Bari, Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on 5185-5186)
- [Paternal Marriage Authority Over Minor Daughters (Wilayat al-Ijbar) — Classical Consensus](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/involuntary-child-marriage-ijbar): The classical Islamic legal consensus granting fathers the unilateral authority to contract binding marriage on behalf of prepubescent virgin daughters without their consent, anchored in Qur'an 65:4 and the precedent of Aisha's marriage. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 65:4 (Surat al-Talaq); Sharh Sahih Muslim (9/206), Kitab al-Nikah; Al-Mughni (Kitab al-Nikah, Fasl Wilayat al-Ijbar))
- [Menstruation as Impurity and Physical Separation — Qur'an 2:222](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-222-menstruation-harm-hayd): The Qur'anic decree designating female menstruation as an impurity/harm (adha) and mandating sexual separation from wives until they become ritually pure and perform full bodily ablution (Ghusl), alongside the associated legal disqualifications in worship. (Primary Sources: Surat al-Baqarah (2:222); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hayd, no. 302)
- ['Men have a degree over them' — Qur'an 2:228](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-228-degree): The divorce verse containing the classical statement of reciprocity — women have rights equal to their obligations in kindness, and men have a degree above them — with the classical exegesis of the 'degree'. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:228 (Surat al-Baqara); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:228)
- [Consummation Requirement for Remarriage (Halala / Tahlil) — Qur'an 2:230](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-230-halala-tahlil): The scriptural and prophetic rule requiring a woman irrevocably divorced three times to marry another husband and fully consummate the marriage ('taste his sweetness') before she can become lawful again for her first husband. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:230 (Surat al-Baqarah); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Shahadat, no. 2639 (also Kitab al-Talaq, no. 5260; Sahih Muslim, no. 1433); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:230)
- [Testimony in debt contracts — Qur'an 2:282 (two women in place of one man)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-2-282-testimony): The longest verse of the Qur'an, which prescribes writing down debts and calls witnesses — two men, or a man and two women — with the text's own stated reason for the provision. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:282 (Surat al-Baqara); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:282)
- [The dress and gaze verses — Qur'an 24:30-31 and 33:59](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-24-30-31-hijab): The command to lower the gaze and guard the private parts, the head covering (khimar) drawn over the chest, the list of those before whom adornment may be shown, and the outer garment (jilbab) verse. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 24:30-31 (Surat al-Nur); Al-Qur'an 33:59 (Surat al-Ahzab); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 24:31)
- [Inheritance shares — Qur'an 4:11 (the male's share is twice the female's)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-11-inheritance): The verse fixing the shares of children and parents in inheritance — including the rule that the male receives the share of two females — with the classical framework of the fixed shares (fara'id). (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:11 (Surat al-Nisa'); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:11)
- [Polygamy — Qur'an 4:3 (two, three, or four) and the justice condition](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-3-polygamy): The verse permitting marriage to two, three, or four wives with the condition of justice, and the companion verse acknowledging the impossibility of perfect equity — the scriptural frame of classical polygamy law. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:3 (Surat al-Nisa'); Al-Qur'an 4:129 (Surat al-Nisa'); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:3)
- [Male guardianship and the discipline of wives — Qur'an 4:34](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-34-nushuz): The verse on men's guardianship (qawwama), the graded sequence for nushuz (admonition, separation in bed, striking), the Farewell Sermon's limit ('strike them, but not severely'), and the classical exegetical context. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:34 (Surat al-Nisa'); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hajj, no. 1218a (in-book: Book 15, hadith 159) — from the Farewell Sermon; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:34)
- [No marriage without a guardian (wali) — Sunan Abi Dawud 2085](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/wali-guardianship): The Prophetic statement that marriage requires a guardian — the classical basis of the wali requirement in marriage law, with the schools' elaboration. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 2085; al-Mughni, Kitab al-Nikah)

### Slavery & concubinage (الرق وملك اليمين / দাসত্ব ও উপপত্নী প্রথা) — 15 Entries
> Mā malakat aymānukum — what the Qur'an and hadith say about captives, female slaves, sexual access, manumission, and the classical law of slavery and concubinage.

- [Intercourse with Captured Married Women at Awtas — Sahih Muslim 1456a](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/captive-married-women-awtas): The occasion of revelation for Qur'an 4:24 at the Battle of Hunayn/Awtas, wherein the Prophet's companions were granted divine permission to have sexual intercourse with captured polytheist women whose living husbands remained in enemy territory. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Rada', no. 1456a (also Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 1132; Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 2155); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:24)
- [Absence of Consent Requirement for Sexual Intercourse with Female Slaves — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/fiqh-concubine-no-consent-required): The unanimous consensus across the four classical Sunni schools of jurisprudence that a master's right to sexual intercourse with his female slave (Milk al-Yamin) is absolute and does not legally require her consent, willingness, or approval. (Primary Sources: Al-Mughni (7/24), Kitab al-Nikah, Fasl Milk al-Yamin; Al-Mabsut (5/150), Kitab al-Nikah, Bab Nikah al-Ima')
- [Captives and concubinage — 'what your right hands possess'](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/ma-malakat-aymanukum): The Quranic permission of sexual relations with female captives ('what your right hands possess'), the classical exegesis of the phrase, the Khaybar precedent involving Safiyya, and the classical law of slavery and manumission. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:24 (Surat al-Nisa'); Al-Qur'an 23:5-6 (Surat al-Mu'minun); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Buyu', no. 2235 (in-book: Book 34, hadith 181); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:24)
- [The manumission ethic — Qur'an 90:13, 9:60 and Sahih al-Bukhari 2517](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/manumission-ethic): The Qur'anic and prophetic commands that accompany the institution of slavery: freeing slaves as the path of ascent, zakat for the freeing of captives, and the reward of the manumitter. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 90:12-13 (Surat al-Balad); Al-Qur'an 9:60 (Surat al-Tawba) — the zakat categories; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-'Itq, no. 2517; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 90:13)
- [Mariyah the Coptic and the Occasion of Surat al-Tahrim — Qur'an 66:1–3](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/mariyah-al-qibtiyya-tahrim): The occasion of revelation for Surat al-Tahrim, wherein the Prophet took an oath forbidding intimacy with his slave concubine Mariyah al-Qibtiyyah after his wife Hafsah discovered them together in her chamber. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 66:1–3 (Surat al-Tahrim); Sunan al-Nasa'i, Kitab 'Ishrat al-Nisa', no. 3959; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 66:1)
- [Inequality in Capital Retaliation (Qisas) for Murdering a Slave — Qur'an 2:178](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/qisas-inequality-free-slave): The majority classical ruling (Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) establishing that a free Muslim cannot be put to death in legal retaliation (Qisas) for intentionally murdering an enslaved person, anchored in Qur'an 2:178 and prophetic traditions. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 2:178 (Surat al-Baqarah); Sunan al-Daraqutni (3/135) and Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 1414 (and Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq); Al-Mughni (Kitab al-Jirah, Mas'ala La Yuqtalu Hurr bi-Abd))
- [The manumission contract and the prohibition of forcing slave-girls — Qur'an 24:33](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-24-33-mukataba): The verse commanding the manumission contract (mukataba) for slaves who seek it, and prohibiting the compulsion of slave-girls to prostitution — with the classical commentary. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 24:33 (Surat al-Nur); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 24:33)
- [The Prophet's allowances — Qur'an 33:50 (wives and captives)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-33-50): The verse listing the marriages lawful for the Prophet and the captives 'whom your right hand possesses' — with the verse's own note that the general law for the believers is the same in the latter respect. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 33:50 (Surat al-Ahzab); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 33:50)
- [Expiation of Sins Limited Strictly to Freeing Believing Slaves — Qur'an 4:92](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-92-emancipation-believing-slaves): The Qur'anic stipulation in the law of manslaughter expiation restricting religious manumission exclusively to 'a believing slave' (Raqabatin Mu'minah), establishing in classical fiqh that freeing a non-Muslim slave is legally invalid as divine expiation. (Primary Sources: Surat al-Nisa' (4:92); Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil al-Qur'an (8/550), on 4:92)
- ['No prophet should have captives until he has prevailed' — Qur'an 8:67](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-8-67): The verse censuring the taking of captives at Badr before the enemy had been crushed — the classical frame of the law of captives and the spoils. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:67-69 (Surat al-Anfal); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 8:67)
- [Reversal of Slave Manumission by Lots (The Six Slaves) — Sahih Muslim 1668](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/reversal-manumission-six-slaves): The prophetic judgment where a man on his deathbed emancipated his six slaves having no other wealth, and the Prophet cast lots to free only two while returning the remaining four to slavery, speaking stern words against the deceased. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Ayman, no. 1668a (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 3958; Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 1958); Sunan al-Nasa'i, Kitab al-Jana'iz, no. 1958)
- [The Runaway Slave (al-Abd al-Abiq) and Kufr — Sahih Muslim 68, 70](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/runaway-slaves-abiq): The prophetic traditions establishing that a slave who runs away from his master commits an act of Kufr (ingratitude/apostasy) and has his prayers invalidated until he returns to servitude. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, no. 68; Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, no. 70; Sharh Sahih Muslim, on Hadith 68)
- [Commercial Sale of Slave Mothers of Children (Ummahat al-Awlad) — Sunan Abi Dawud 3954](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/selling-umm-walad-early-caliphate): The authentic narration from Jabir ibn Abd Allah documenting that the Companions used to sell their female slave concubines who had borne them children (Ummahat al-Awlad) during the Prophet's lifetime and the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, before Umar ibn al-Khattab prohibited the practice. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-'Itq, no. 3954 (also Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 4652; Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 2517); Al-Mughni (Kitab al-'Itq, Bab Bay' Umm al-Walad))
- [The Dress Code and Awrah of Female Slaves in Classical Jurisprudence](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/slave-awrah-dress-code): The classical Islamic legal ruling establishing that a female slave's nakedness ('awrah) in public and in prayer is between the navel and knee (like a man), and the historic practice of Umar ibn al-Khattab forbidding slave women from wearing veils or the jilbab. (Primary Sources: Al-Sunan al-Kubra of al-Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Salat, no. 3243, 3244; Al-Sunan al-Kubra of al-Bayhaqi, no. 3244; and Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, no. 6236; Al-Mabsut (10/151), Kitab al-Istihsan)
- [The umm walad — the classical law of the slave-girl mother](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/umm-walad): A reference entry on the classical rulings concerning the slave-girl who bears her master's child: her protection from sale, her freedom upon her master's death, and the free status of her child. (Primary Sources: al-Mughni, Kitab al-'Itq (the chapters on the umm walad); cf. the parallel chapters in al-Mawardi and the school manuals)

### Hudud punishments (الحدود / হুদুদ শাস্তি) — 19 Entries
> The fixed penalties: stoning for the married adulterer, one hundred lashes for the unmarried, amputation for theft, and the punishments for banditry (ḥirāba) — texts and classical legal context.

- [Disparities in Blood Money (Diya) for Women and Non-Muslims — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/diya-disparities-women-non-muslims): The classical Islamic legal framework establishing fixed financial blood-money valuations for human life: the Diya of a free Muslim woman is exactly half that of a Muslim man, and the Diya of a Jewish or Christian Dhimmi is one-half or one-third. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Diyat, no. 4542 (and Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 1413); Al-Muwatta (Kitab al-'Uqul, Bab 'Aql al-Mar'ah); Al-Istidhkar (8/63))
- [Capital Punishment for Homosexuality (Liwat) — Jami' al-Tirmidhi 1456](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/execution-homosexuality-liwat): The prophetic command ordering the execution of both partners engaged in homosexual intercourse (Liwat), and the classical consensus of the Sahaba on capital punishment through stoning, burning by fire, or throwing from the highest cliff. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1456 (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4462; Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 2561); Al-Mughni (12/348), Kitab al-Hudud, Fasl fi Hukm al-Liwat)
- [Capital Punishment for Sorcerers and Witches (al-Sahir) — Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/execution-sorcerers-witchcraft): The prophetic traditions and decrees of early Caliphs prescribing the death penalty by the sword for practitioners of sorcery (sihr) without accepting repentance. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1460; Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Kharaj wa-l-Imarah, no. 3043; Al-Muwatta (Kitab al-'Uqul, Bab Ma Ja'a fi-l-Ghulul wa-l-Sihr))
- [The penalty for adultery — stoning (al-rajm) for the married offender](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadd-al-zina-rajm): Umar's report that the 'verse of stoning' was part of what was revealed and that the Prophet stoned the married fornicator, together with the Quranic lashing verse for the unmarried, and the classical rule that stoning rests on the sunna and consensus. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1691a (in-book: Book 29, hadith 21); Al-Qur'an 24:2 (Surat al-Nur); Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hudud)
- ['Avert the hudud as much as possible' — Sunan al-Tirmidhi 1424](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-avoid-hudud): The hadith commanding that the fixed penalties be averted from the Muslims as far as possible, with the classical principle that error in forgiveness is better than error in punishment — and its disputed grading recorded. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1424; The principle as developed in the fiqh works (cf. the chapters on the hudud in al-Mughni and the commentaries on the hadith))
- [Prescription of Camel Urine and Milk for Treatment — Sahih al-Bukhari 5686 & Muslim 1671](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-camel-urine-milk-medicine): The canonical narration recording that the Prophet instructed a group of sickly visitors from Ukl and Urayna to join the state camel herds and drink their milk and urine as a medicinal remedy for dropsy/abdominal disease. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Tibb, no. 5686 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1671a; Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 233, 6802); Sharh Sahih Muslim, on Hadith 1671)
- [The deed of the people of Lut — Sunan al-Tirmidhi 1456 and Sunan Abi Dawud 4462](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-homosexuality): The two narrations of the command to kill the doer and the one to whom the deed of the people of Lut is done — with their gradings, al-Tirmidhi's own report of the jurists' divergence, and the classical dissent. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1456; Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 4462; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, on 1456 (the schools); Ibn Hazm, al-Muhalla (the dissent))
- [Limb Amputation for Theft: Stealing an Egg or Rope — Sahih al-Bukhari 6799](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-theft-egg-rope-amputation): The canonical prophetic tradition invoking divine curse upon the thief who steals an egg or a rope and has his hand cut off, emphasizing the uncompromising severity of corporal amputation (Qat' al-Yad) under the Qur'anic penal code (5:38). (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 6799 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1687); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari (12/97), Kitab al-Hudud)
- [Hadith of the Urayna Clan: Eye-Branding & Cross-Amputation (Sahih Bukhari & Muslim)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-urayna-mutilation-branding-eyes): Authentic canonical hadiths in Sahih al-Bukhari (233, 6802) and Sahih Muslim (1671) record that men from the Urayna and Ukl tribes apostatized after accepting Islam, killed the Prophet's herdsman, and drove off the camels. The Prophet ordered their hands and feet severed, their eyes branded/cauterized with heated iron nails, and left them in the rocky Harrah terrain begging for water without being given any until they died. (Primary Sources: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 233 (Kitāb al-Wuḍūʾ) & 6802 (Kitāb al-Muḥāribīn); Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1671 (Kitāb al-Qasāmah))
- [The Urayna/Ukl incident — Sahih al-Bukhari 6802 (the precedent of Qur'an 5:33)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-urayna): The hadith of the Ukl tribesmen who killed the shepherd and stole the camels, and the punishment ordered by the Prophet — the incident the classical exegetes connect to the hiraba verse (5:33). (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 6802; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:33)
- [The penalty for drinking wine — Sahih al-Bukhari 6773](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-wine-lashes): The report of the Prophet beating the wine-drinker with palm stalks and sandals, and Abu Bakr's forty lashes — the classical basis of the penalty for drinking, with the later increase to eighty. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 6773; Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hudud)
- [The procedure of the hudud — evidence, confession, and the aversion of the penalties](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hudud-procedure): A reference entry on the classical procedural frame of the fixed penalties: the standards of proof, the rules of confession and retraction, and the principle of averting the hadd by doubts. (Primary Sources: al-Mughni and al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, the chapters on the hudud)
- [The Lost Verses of Stoning and Adult Suckling — Sunan Ibn Majah 1944](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/lost-verses-stoning-suckling): The transmission from Aisha that the verses of stoning (Rajm) and tenfold adult suckling were written on a sheet under her bed and were eaten by a domestic sheep/goat after the Prophet's death, illustrating classical discussions on Quranic textual transmission and abrogation. (Primary Sources: Sunan Ibn Majah, Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1944 (also Musnad Ahmad, no. 26359; Musnad Abi Ya'la, no. 4587); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Rada', no. 1452a; Al-Muhalla bi-l-Athar (11/235))
- [Exemption of Muslims from Capital Retaliation for Killing Non-Muslims — Sahih al-Bukhari 111, 6915](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/no-qisas-muslim-for-non-muslim): The authoritative prophetic injunction recorded from Ali ibn Abi Talib establishing that a Muslim shall not be executed in legal retaliation (Qisas) for killing a disbeliever (kafir/dhimmi). (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ilm, no. 111 (and Kitab al-Diyat, no. 6915; also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4506); Al-Mughni (9/335), Kitab al-Jirah)
- [Prescribed Punishments for Wine Drinking (Hadd al-Khamr) — Sahih Muslim 1706 & Sunan](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/punishment-drinking-wine-lashes-death): The progression of prescribed punishments for consuming intoxicants: 40 strikes with sandals under the Prophet, elevated to 80 lashes under Umar by analogy with slander, and the hadith in the Sunan prescribing the death penalty upon the fourth offense. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 1706a (also Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6779); Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 4482 (also Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 1444))
- [The penalty for false accusation (qadhf) — Qur'an 24:4-5](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-24-4-5-qadhf): The verse prescribing eighty lashes and the rejection of testimony for those who accuse chaste women without four witnesses — and the repentance exception. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 24:4-5 (Surat al-Nur); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 24:4)
- [The penalty for hirabah — Qur'an 5:33-34 (execution, crucifixion, cross-amputation, exile)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-33-hiraba): The four penalties for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and spread corruption in the land — execution, crucifixion, amputation of the hand and foot from opposite sides, or exile — with the repentance exception. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:33-34 (Surat al-Ma'ida); al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, Kitab al-Hudud (chapter on the muharib))
- [The penalty for theft — Qur'an 5:38 and the hadd of amputation](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-38-sariqa): The Quranic command to cut off the hand of the thief, the hadith of the Makhzumi woman and Usama's intercession, and the Prophet's declaration that even Fatima would not be spared — the classical evidence that the hadd applies equally to all. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:38-39 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 6788 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1688); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:38)
- [Retaliation (qisas) — Qur'an 5:45 and 2:178](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-45-qisas): The eye-for-an-eye verse and its Islamic-law counterpart: retaliation for the slain prescribed in the Quran, the forgiveness option, and the classical framework of qisas and blood money. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:45 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Al-Qur'an 2:178 (Surat al-Baqara); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 2:178)

### Apostasy (الردة / ধর্মত্যাগ) — 8 Entries
> Irtidād in the Qur'an and hadith: the command 'whoever changes his religion, kill him', the three capital cases in the hadith, and the classical juristic consensus and dissent.

- [Apostasy (al-ridda) and its prescribed punishment](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/al-ridda): The hadith 'whoever changes his religion, kill him', the hadith listing apostasy among the three capital cases, the Quranic statement on the nullification of deeds, and the classical juristic doctrine with its recorded dissents. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Istitabat al-Murtaddin, no. 6922 (also no. 3017, Kitab al-Jihad); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Qasama, no. 1676a (in-book: Book 28, hadith 34); Al-Qur'an 2:217 (Surat al-Baqara); al-Mughni, Kitab al-Ridda)
- [Execution by Fire in Early Caliphate History: Ali and Abu Bakr — Sahih al-Bukhari 6922](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/burning-heretics-fire-ali-abu-bakr): The authentic records of early Caliphs executing apostates by fire, including Ali ibn Abi Talib burning a group of heretics/Zanadiqa in trenches (and Ibn Abbas's critique), as well as Abu Bakr burning al-Fuja'ah al-Sulami during the Ridda wars. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Istitabat al-Murtaddin, no. 6922; Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari, 3/234), Hurub al-Riddah)
- [Execution for Abandoning Prayer (Tarik al-Salah) — Sahih Muslim 82 & Classical Fiqh](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/execution-abandoning-prayer-tarik-al-salah): The prophetic declaration that abandoning prayer constitutes disbelief (Kufr) and polytheism (Shirk), alongside the consensus of the Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools that a Muslim who persistently refuses to pray must be sentenced to death by the state. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, no. 82 (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4678; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 2620); Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Iman, no. 2621 (also Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 463; Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 1079); Al-Mughni (2/298), Kitab al-Salah, Bab Hukm Tarik al-Salah)
- [Execution of the Heretic (Zindiq) Without Accepting Repentance — Classical Jurisprudence](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/execution-heretic-zindiq-no-repentance): The classical Islamic legal ruling across the majority of schools (Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali) that a Zindiq (a covert atheist, dualist, or esoteric heretic who outwardly pretends to be Muslim) is sentenced to immediate death upon discovery, with repentance rejected. (Primary Sources: Al-Mughni (Kitab al-Murtadd, Bab Hukm al-Zindiq); Al-Mabsut (10/125), Kitab al-Siyar)
- [Apostasy and the exception of compulsion — Qur'an 16:106](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-16-106): The verse on the punishment of the apostate — with the exception of the one compelled while his heart remains firm in faith — and the classical discussion of that exception. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 16:106 (Surat al-Nahl); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 16:106)
- ['Those who turned back after guidance had become clear' — Qur'an 47:25-28](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-47-25-28): The verses on the apostates who turned back after guidance — Satan's embellishment, their secret collusion with those who hate the revelation, and the fate of their works. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 47:25-28 (Surat Muhammad); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 47:25-28)
- ['Whoever turns back from his religion' — Qur'an 5:54](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-54): The verse on the apostate and the people whom Allah will bring in his place — the classical reading of its occasion and meaning. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:54 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:54)
- [The Ridda wars — Abu Bakr's resolve (Sahih al-Bukhari 6924)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/ridda-wars): The hadith recording the Companions' agreement to fight the apostates after the Prophet's death — Abu Bakr's exchange with Umar, and the classical historical frame of the Ridda campaigns. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Istitabat al-Murtaddin, no. 6924-6925; Tarikh al-Rusul wa-l-Muluk, year 11 AH (the campaigns of the Ridda))

### Blasphemy (السبّ / ধর্মীয় নিন্দা) — 11 Entries
> Insults against Allah, the Prophet, and Islam in the classical sources: the derivation of the ruling in Ibn Kathir's tafsir, the sīra precedents, and classical works on the topic (e.g., Ibn Taymiyya's al-Ṣārim al-Maslūl).

- [The Assassinations of Asma' bint Marwan and Abu 'Afak in Classical Sira](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/asma-bint-marwan-abu-afak-sira): The nocturnal assassinations of satirical poets in Medina following the Battle of Badr recorded in early biographical literature (Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa'd), including Asma' bint Marwan (killed in her bed while nursing her child) and the centenarian Abu 'Afak. (Primary Sources: Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra (2/27), Sariyyat 'Umayr ibn 'Adi ila 'Asma' bint Marwan; Sirat Ibn Ishaq (ed. Ibn Hisham), Sariyyat Salim ibn Umayr ila Abi 'Afak)
- [Execution & Torture of Guru Arjan under Emperor Jahangir (1606 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-execution-guru-arjan-jahangir-1606): The royal autobiographical memoirs of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (Tuzk-i Jahāngīrī) explicitly record his direct decision to suppress the preaching of Guru Arjan Dev (the 5th Sikh Guru) and shut down what he termed a 'false shop', ordering his arrest, confiscation of his property, and execution under torture (yāsa) in Lahore in 1606 CE. (Primary Sources: Tūzak-i-Jahāngīrī (Memoirs of Jahangir), trans. Alexander Rogers, ed. Henry Beveridge (London, 1909), Vol. 1, pp. 72–73)
- [Execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur under Aurangzeb (1675 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-execution-guru-tegh-bahadur-aurangzeb-1675): Historical court records and chronicles (Maʾāsir-i ʿĀlamgīrī and Siyar al-Mutaʾakhkhirīn) document the 1675 CE imprisonment of Guru Tegh Bahadur (the 9th Sikh Guru) in Delhi for refusing conversion to Islam, the public execution of his disciples under extreme torture (Bhai Mati Das sawed alive, Bhai Dayala boiled alive), followed by the public beheading of the Guru at Chandni Chowk under the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. (Primary Sources: Siyar al-Muta'akhkhirin of Ghulam Husain Khan (trans. Raymond, Calcutta, 1789), Vol. 1, pp. 401–402; Ma'āsir-i 'Ālamgīrī of Saqi Mustad Khan, p. 94 (ed. Calcutta, 1871))
- [The woman who abused the Prophet — Sunan Abi Dawud 4362](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-jewess-insult): The report that a Jewish woman who persistently abused the Prophet was strangled by a man, and the Prophet declared her blood without recompense — with its disputed grading recorded. (Primary Sources: Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Hudud, no. 4362; al-Sarim al-Maslul 'ala Shatim al-Rasul)
- [Commandment to Obliterate Images & Level Elevated Graves — Sahih Muslim](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-leveling-graves-destroying-idols): Sahih Muslim (969) records that Ali ibn Abi Talib dispatched Abu al-Hayyaj al-Asadi, saying: 'Shall I not send you on the same mission as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me? That you do not leave any image/statue without obliterating it, nor any elevated grave without leveling it to the ground.' This Hadith is the primary canonical authority cited across classical and modern iconoclastic campaigns destroying historical shrines, mausoleums, and ancient statues. (Primary Sources: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 969 (Kitāb al-Janāʾiz); Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3218 & Jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī 1049)
- [Severe Torment for Image-Makers and Artists (al-Musawwirun) — Sahih al-Bukhari 5950 & Muslim 2108](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-severe-punishment-image-makers): The canonical traditions declaring that artists, painters, and sculptors who depict living animate beings will receive the severest torment in Hell on the Day of Resurrection, being challenged to breathe souls into what they created and punished for every image. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Libas, no. 5950 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 2107); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Libas wa-l-Zinah, no. 2110 (also Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 7042, 7557))
- [Execution of Ibn Khatal and His Singing Slave Girls at the Ka'bah — Sahih al-Bukhari 4280](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/ibn-khatal-singing-girls): The orders given during the Conquest of Mecca to execute specific apostates and satirical poets outside standard general amnesties, including Abd Allah ibn Khatal who was killed while clinging to the curtains of the Ka'bah, and his singing slave girls who performed satires against the Prophet. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4280 (also Kitab al-Jizyah, no. 3044; Sahih Muslim, no. 1357); Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 2684 (also Sunan al-Nasa'i, no. 4067))
- [The killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf — Sahih al-Bukhari 4037](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/kab-ibn-al-ashraf): The hadith recording the Prophet's call for Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf's killing after the Battle of Badr — the poet who had 'hurt Allah and His Messenger' — and the classical frame of the report. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4037; al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, the expedition against Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf (Eng. tr. Guillaume, pp. 364-369))
- [Harming Allah and His Messenger — Qur'an 33:57 and the classical ruling on insult](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-33-57): The verse cursing those who harm Allah and His Messenger, the classical derivation of the ruling on insulting the Prophet and Islam (Ibn Kathir on 9:12), and the counter-verse prohibiting the insult of others' deities. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 33:57 (Surat al-Ahzab); Al-Qur'an 6:108 (Surat al-An'am); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:12)
- ['Do not sit with them' — Qur'an 4:140 (the mockers' company)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-140): The verse commanding the believer to withdraw from gatherings where the verses of Allah are denied or mocked — the scriptural ground of the classical rulings on the company of mockers. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:140 (Surat al-Nisa'); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:140)
- ['Was it Allah and His verses and His Messenger you were mocking?' — Qur'an 9:65-66](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-65-66): The verses addressing the mockers of the religion — the declaration that their mockery is kufr after faith — with the classical reports of the occasion and the repentance clause. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:65-66 (Surat al-Tawba); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:65-66)

### Governance in classical law (السياسة الشرعية / ধ্রুপদী আইনে শাসন) — 24 Entries
> The classical doctrine of government: the caliphate, the supremacy of revealed law ('whoever does not judge by what Allah revealed', 5:44), and the classical juristic view of ruling and legislation.

- [The Battle of al-Harrah: Sack and Pillage of Medina in 63 AH — Tarikh al-Tabari & Muslim 1363](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/battle-of-al-harrah-sack-of-medina): The invasion, brutal siege, and three-day pillaging of the holy city of Medina in 63 AH by the Umayyad army of Muslim ibn 'Uqbah under Yazid's orders, resulting in the slaughter of hundreds of Companions and thousands of citizens, and forced pledges of servitude. (Primary Sources: Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari 5/482–498), Waq'at al-Harrah; Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Hajj, no. 1363 (also Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 1870))
- [The Battle of Siffin and Emergence of the Khawarij — Tarikh al-Tabari & Sahih al-Bukhari](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/battle-of-siffin-arbitration-khawarij): The massive civil war clash in 37 AH along the Euphrates between the Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Syrian governor Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, the raising of Qur'ans on spears, the controversial arbitration (al-Tahkim), and the violent schism of the Khawarij. (Primary Sources: Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari 5/1–45), Waq'at Siffin; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Istitabat al-Murtaddin, no. 6930 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1064))
- [The Battle of the Camel: Civil War Between Companions — Sahih al-Bukhari 7099 & al-Tabari](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/battle-of-the-camel-aisha-ali): The First Fitna in 36 AH where prominent Companions fought against one another in Basra: Aisha, Talha, and al-Zubayr leading an army against the Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, resulting in over 10,000 Muslim casualties. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Fitan, no. 7099; Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari 4/448–540), Waq'at al-Jamal)
- [The Calamity of Thursday (Raziyaat Yawm al-Khamis) — Sahih al-Bukhari 114, 4431](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/calamity-of-thursday-pen-paper): The deathbed dispute where the Prophet requested writing materials to record a testament so the community would never go astray, which was halted by Umar ibn al-Khattab asserting the Prophet was overcome by pain and the Quran was sufficient, leading to intense quarreling and their dismissal. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ilm, no. 114 (also Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4431; Sahih Muslim, no. 1637c); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jihad wa-l-Siyar, no. 3053 (and Sahih Muslim, no. 1637a); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 114)
- [Cosmic Creation in Seven Days Starting on Saturday — Sahih Muslim 2789](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/creation-earth-seven-days-saturday): The prophetic tradition in Sahih Muslim outlining the seven-day cosmological sequence: creating the soil on Saturday, mountains on Sunday, trees on Monday, darkness on Tuesday, light on Wednesday, beasts on Thursday, and Adam on Friday afternoon. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab Sifat al-Qiyamah wa-l-Jannah wa-l-Nar, no. 2789; Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 7:54)
- [Supreme Leadership Restricted Strictly to the Tribe of Quraysh — Sahih al-Bukhari 3501, 7139](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-caliphate-strictly-quraysh): The constitutional prophetic mandate declaring that supreme political authority (the Caliphate) belongs exclusively to the Arab tribe of Quraysh, establishing in classical public law that non-Qurayshi Arabs and all non-Arabs are disqualified from the supreme leadership of the Muslim nation. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Manaqib, no. 3501 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1818); Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (p. 6), Fasl fi Shurut al-Imamah)
- [Embryological Stages at 40-Day Intervals and Predestination — Sahih al-Bukhari 3208 & Muslim 2643](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-embryology-40-day-stages): The foundational tradition of Ibn Mas'ud describing prenatal development in the womb across three distinct 40-day intervals (drop, clot, lump), followed by the angel breathing the soul and recording lifespan, sustenance, deeds, and final destiny in Paradise or Hell. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Bad' al-Khalq, no. 3208 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 2643; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 2137); Jami' al-'Ulum wa-l-Hikam, on Hadith 4)
- [Submerging the Fly for Cure in Its Wing — Sahih al-Bukhari 3320, 5782](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-fly-wing-disease-cure): The prophetic tradition commanding that if a housefly falls into a beverage, it must be completely submerged before being discarded, on the grounds that one of its wings carries disease while the other carries its antidote. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Bad' al-Khalq, no. 3320 (also Kitab al-Tibb, no. 5782; Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 3844); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 5782)
- [Obligation of Absolute Obedience to Tyrannical Rulers — Sahih Muslim 1847](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-obey-tyrannical-ruler-beat-back): The canonical prophetic command ordering subjects to hear and obey Muslim rulers even if they are despotic, strike the subjects' backs, and unlawfully seize their wealth, establishing the classical Sunni doctrine prohibiting armed rebellion against authoritarian rulers. (Primary Sources: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Imarah, no. 1847b; Al-Minhaj Sharh Sahih Muslim (12/237), Kitab al-Imarah)
- [Prohibition of Musical Instruments (al-Ma'azif) — Sahih al-Bukhari 5590](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-prohibition-musical-instruments): The canonical prophetic tradition prophesying that future generations of Muslims will seek to make lawful 'illicit sexual intercourse, silk for men, alcohol, and musical instruments (al-ma'azif)', establishing the classical jurisprudence ban against music. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ashribah, no. 5590 (also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4039; Sunan Ibn Majah, no. 4020); Ighathat al-Lahfan min Masayid al-Shaytan (1/256))
- [The Sun Prostrating Beneath the Throne at Sunset — Sahih al-Bukhari 3199 & Muslim 159](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hadith-sun-prostrating-throne): The prophetic explanation to Abu Dharr at sunset stating that the sun travels until it prostrates beneath the Divine Throne (al-'Arsh) to ask permission to rise, and will eventually be commanded to return and rise from the West. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Bad' al-Khalq, no. 3199 (also Kitab Tafsir al-Qur'an, no. 4802; Sahih Muslim, no. 159a); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 36:38)
- [The genealogy of the term 'hakimiyya' — Mawdudi and Qutb (modern works, for reference)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/hakimiyya-genealogy): A reference entry on the origin of the term 'hakimiyya' in 20th-century Islamist writings — clearly labelled as modern material, distinct from the classical sources documented elsewhere in the archive. (Primary Sources: Mawdudi, 'Jihad in Islam' (lecture, 1939) and Tafsir of 12:40 in his commentary; Qutb, Fi Zilal al-Qur'an (on 12:40 and 5:44) and Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (1964))
- [The purposes of governance — Ibn Taymiyya's al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/ibn-taymiyya-siyasa): A reference entry on Ibn Taymiyya's classical treatise on governance: the ruler's duty to command good and forbid evil, the limits of obedience, and the purposes the revealed law assigns to public authority. (Primary Sources: al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya fi Islah al-Ra'i wa-l-Ra'iyya (the opening chapters))
- ['The khilafa will be thirty years, then kingship' — Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2226](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/khilafa-30-years): The hadith of the thirty years of caliphate followed by kingship, with the counting of the four rightly-guided caliphs, and its classical place in the doctrine of the caliphate. (Primary Sources: Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Fitan, no. 2226; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, on 2226)
- [The Massacre of Karbala and Martyrdom of al-Husayn — Tarikh al-Tabari & al-Bidayah](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/massacre-of-karbala-martyrdom-husayn): The siege and slaughter of the Prophet's grandson al-Husayn ibn Ali and 72 members of his household in 61 AH on the plains of Karbala by the Umayyad army of Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah, the cutting off of their water supply, and the parade of Husayn's severed head to Kufa and Damascus. (Primary Sources: Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari 5/389–455), Maqtal al-Husayn; Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Fada'il Ashab al-Nabi, no. 3748)
- [The doctrine of the imamate — al-Mawardi's al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/mawardi-imamate): A reference entry on the classical doctrine of the imamate as set out in the classical treatise on government: the succession to prophecy, the obligation of the office, and its conditions and functions. (Primary Sources: al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, the opening chapter (Fi 'Aqd al-Imama))
- [Divine Predestination and Creation of Mankind for Hellfire — Muwatta Malik & Sunan](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/predestined-damnation-adam-progeny): The foundational theological traditions in the Muwatta and Sunan narrating that Allah extracted all future humanity from Adam's back, declaring one group for Paradise and the other group irrevocably pre-destined for Hellfire, saying: 'And I do not care.' (Primary Sources: Al-Muwatta of Malik ibn Anas (Kitab al-Qadar, no. 1596); also Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4703; Jami' al-Tirmidhi, no. 3075; Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, no. 21695 (also Tabarani in al-Kabir))
- [The Prophet Bewitched by Black Magic (Sihr) — Sahih al-Bukhari 5763](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/prophet-black-magic-sihr): The authentic tradition in Bukhari and Muslim documenting how Labid ibn al-A'sam cast black magic on the Prophet using hair from his comb, causing him for months to hallucinate that he had engaged in sexual relations with his wives when he had not. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Tibb, no. 5763 (also Kitab Bad' al-Khalq, no. 3175; Sahih Muslim, no. 2189); Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, on Hadith 5763)
- ['The decision is only for Allah' — Qur'an 12:40](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-12-40): The verse of Joseph's prison speech — the rejection of worshiping mere names and the declaration that judgment belongs to Allah alone — the scriptural ground of the classical 'hukm' doctrine. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 12:40 (Surat Yusuf); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 12:40)
- ['You are the best ummah brought forth for mankind' — Qur'an 3:110](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-3-110): The verse of the best ummah — commanding good, forbidding evil, and belief in Allah — with the classical exegesis of its conditional frame. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 3:110 (Surat Al 'Imran); Jami' al-Bayan and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 3:110)
- [Obedience to those in authority — Qur'an 4:59](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-4-59-obedience): The obedience verse — to Allah, to the Messenger, and to those in authority — with the referral clause for disputes, and the classical doctrine of obedience within the bounds of obedience to Allah. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 4:59 (Surat al-Nisa'); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 4:59)
- ['Whoever does not judge by what Allah revealed' — Qur'an 5:44 and the classical readings](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-44-hukm): The verse of ruling (5:44) and its two companion verses, the revelation context concerning the People of the Book, and the classical spectrum of interpretation — from literal disbelief to 'kufr without leaving the religion' (Ibn Abbas, Tawus, Ata). (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:44 (Surat al-Ma'ida); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 5:44)
- [Ruling by Other Than Allah's Law & Takfir of Rulers — Qur'an 5:44 & Ibn Taymiyya](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-5-44-takfir-ruling-sharia): Qur'an 5:44 declares: 'And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed – then it is those who are the disbelievers.' Ibn Taymiyya invoked this verse in his famous fatwas obligating armed jihad against the Mongol rulers who claimed to be Muslim but governed by their ancestral secular legal code (the Yasaq). This text forms the foundational cornerstone for modern Salafi-Jihadi takfir against contemporary nation-state governments. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 5:44 (Surat al-Ma'idah); Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā of Ibn Taymiyya, Vol. 28, pp. 524–525 (ed. Riyadh))
- [The Incident of the Satanic Verses (Qissat al-Gharaniq) — Qur'an 22:52](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/satanic-verses-gharaniq): The classical exegesis documenting the incident where Satan cast words praising the pagan Meccan goddesses (al-Lat, al-'Uzza, and Manat) onto the Prophet's tongue during the recitation of Surat al-Najm, causing polytheists to prostrate, before the verses were abrogated by Qur'an 22:52. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 22:52 (Surat al-Hajj); Jami' al-Bayan 'an Ta'wil Ay al-Qur'an, on 22:52; Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari (8/439), on Surat al-Hajj)

### Conquests & early history (الفتوحات والسيرة / বিজয় ও প্রাথমিক ইতিহাস) — 18 Entries
> Events reported in the early sources: the campaigns of the Prophet (Khaybar, Banu Qurayza), the treatment of conquered populations, captives and spoils, and the later Futuhat as recorded by al-Tabari, al-Baladhuri, and Ibn Hisham.

- [Targeted Wartime Assassinations: Abu Rafi' and Ibn Sunayna](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/assassinations-abu-rafi-ibn-sunayna): The covert missions ordered by the Prophet to assassinate political and commercial opponents outside battlefield clashes, including Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi') in his Khaybar stronghold and Ibn Sunayna in Medina. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4038, 4039, 4040; Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Kharaj wa-l-Imarah, no. 3002)
- [Siege, Palm Burning, and Expulsion of Banu al-Nadir — Qur'an 59:2–5](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/banu-al-nadir-expulsion): The siege and expulsion of the Jewish tribe of Banu al-Nadir from Medina, the divine sanction for cutting down and burning their date palms (al-linah), and the distribution of their estates as Fay' exclusively for the Prophet. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 59:2, 59:5 (Surat al-Hashr); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4028 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1755); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 59:5)
- [The Banu al-Mustaliq campaign (5 AH) — captives and the Ifk narration](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/banu-mustaliq): The campaign against Banu al-Mustaliq: the captives taken (including Juwayriyya, whom the Prophet married), and the slander affair that followed on the return — recorded in Bukhari 4141 and the classical histories. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4141 (the narration of al-Ifk) — excerpt: the opening; al-Sira al-Nabawiyya and Tarikh al-Rusul wa-l-Muluk, the campaign of al-Muraysi' (Banu al-Mustaliq), 5 AH)
- [The Banu Qurayza affair (5 AH) — Qur'an 33:26-27 and the sources](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/banu-qurayza): What the Quran and the hadith record of the fate of the Banu Qurayza after the Battle of the Trench: the descent of the tribe, the judgment of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, the killing of the adult males, the captivity of the women and children, and the division of the spoils. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 33:26-27 (Surat al-Ahzab); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4121 (in-book: Book 64, hadith 165); Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Jihad, no. 1768a; al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, section on Banu Qurayza (ed. Wustenfeld; Eng. tr. Guillaume, pp. 461-466))
- [The Sack of Chittorgarh and Fathnama Victory Proclamation (1568 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-chittorgarh-fathnama-1568): The official court records in Abu'l-Fazl's Akbarnama and the contemporary imperial victory proclamation (Fathnama-i Chittor) document the February 1568 (975 AH) conquest of the Rajput citadel of Chittorgarh, the imperial order for a general massacre (Qatl-i 'Aam) claiming 20,000–30,000 lives, and the destruction of the fortress temples. (Primary Sources: Akbarnama (2/475), Asiatic Society Edition; Fathnama-i Chittor (March 1568))
- [Conquest of Sindh: The Siege of Debal & Three-Day Assault (712 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-conquest-sindh-debal-712): Early historical chronicles (Futūḥ al-Buldān of al-Balādhurī and the Chachnāma) document the 712 CE conquest of the fortified port city of Debal in Sindh by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Upon smashing the central temple and piercing the ramparts, a three-day general slaughter of garrison defenders ensued, followed by the enslavement of inhabitants and allocation of one-fifth of plunder to the Umayyad caliphal treasury. (Primary Sources: Futūḥ al-Buldān of al-Balādhurī, p. 437 (ed. De Goeje, Leiden); The Chachnāma: An Ancient History of Sind, trans. Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg (Karachi, 1900), pp. 84–87)
- [The Expedition of Mahmud of Ghazni against the Temple of Somnath — Classical Chronicles](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-mahmud-ghazni-somnath): The prominent medieval historical accounts recorded by al-Biruni, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Kathir documenting the 416 AH (1026 CE) military campaign of Mahmud of Ghazni against the Somnath temple complex in Gujarat, the destruction of the Shiva lingam idol, and the plundering of its treasures. (Primary Sources: Kitab Tahqiq ma li-l-Hind min Maqulah Maqbulah fi-l-'Aql aw Mardhulah (p. 405); Al-Kamil fi-l-Tarikh (9/341–345), Hawadith Sanat 416 AH)
- [The Sack of Nalanda and Odantapuri Monasteries — Tabaqat-i Nasiri (1193 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-nalanda-monasteries-khilji): The primary historical account recorded in Minhaj-i Siraj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri documenting the 1193 CE (589 AH) military assault by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji on the fortified Buddhist monastic centers of Bihar (Nalanda/Odantapuri), the slaughter of the resident shaven-headed monks (Brahmanas/Bhikkhus), and the incineration of the extensive monastic libraries. (Primary Sources: Tabaqat-i Nasiri (p. 551–552), Dhikr Fath Bihar)
- [Chronicle of Timur's Invasion of Delhi & Massacre of Captives (1398 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/chronicle-timur-sack-delhi-1398): Primary court chronicles (Zafarnāma of Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī and Malfūẓāt-i Tīmūrī) document the order by Timur (Tamerlane) for the pre-battle execution of an estimated 100,000 non-Muslim captives outside Delhi, followed by the three-day sack, enslavement, and pillage of the capital in 799 AH / 1398 CE. (Primary Sources: Zafarnāma of Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī, Vol. 2, pp. 92–95 (ed. Calcutta, 1888); Malfūẓāt-i Tīmūrī (Autobiographical Memoirs of Timur), pp. 435–437)
- [Aurangzeb's Imperial Decrees on Temple Demolition — Ma'asir-i Alamgiri (1669 CE)](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/decree-aurangzeb-temple-demolitions-1669): The official Mughal court history Ma'asir-i Alamgiri by Saqi Mustad Khan documents Emperor Aurangzeb's imperial decree of April 1669 (1080 AH) commanding provincial governors to demolish non-Muslim schools and temples throughout the empire, resulting in the documented destruction of the Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi, the Keshavdeva temple in Mathura, and the Vishveshvara complex. (Primary Sources: Ma'asir-i Alamgiri (p. 81, 95–96), Calcutta Edition (1871))
- [Demolition of Pagan Temples and Shrines in Arabia — Sahih al-Bukhari 4280, 4357](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/destruction-pagan-shrines-arabia): The canonical traditions recording the physical demolition of all 360 idols around the Ka'bah during the Conquest of Mecca, the burning and destruction of the temple of Dhu al-Khalasah (the 'Yemeni Ka'bah'), and the leveling of pre-Islamic shrines across Arabia. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4288 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 1781); Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4357 (also Sahih Muslim, no. 2476))
- [Status of Lands Taken by Force ('Anwah) vs. Treaty (Sulh) — Classical Public Law](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/fiqh-conquest-land-status-anwah): The classical Islamic legal doctrines articulated by al-Mawardi, al-Sarakhsi, and Abu Yusuf regarding the disposition of conquered territories: total confiscation, enslavement, or Kharaj imposition on lands conquered by force ('anwah) versus fixed tribute under treaty (sulh). (Primary Sources: Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (p. 182–186), Bab al-Jizya wa-l-Kharaj; Al-Mabsut (10/37), Kitab al-Siyar)
- [The Futuhat of Syria and Iraq — al-Baladhuri's Futuh al-Buldan](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/futuhat-syria-iraq): A reference entry on the classical record of the early conquests of Syria and Iraq: the treaties of surrender, the terms imposed, the jizya and kharaj arrangements, and the classical sources in which they are documented. (Primary Sources: al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, the chapters on Syria and Iraq (Eng. tr. P. Hitti, 1916); al-Tabari, Tarikh, years 12-20 AH)
- [The Torture and Execution of Kinanah ibn al-Rabi' at Khaybar — Classical Sira](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/khaybar-torture-kinana): The historic event at the conquest of Khaybar where the Prophet ordered al-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam to interrogate Kinanah ibn al-Rabi' with fire on his chest until he revealed the hidden treasure of Banu al-Nadir, after which Kinanah was beheaded. (Primary Sources: Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (2/337), Ghazwat Khaybar; also Tarikh al-Tabari (3/14); Tarikh al-Umam wa-l-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari, 3/14))
- [The conquest of Khaybar — captives, land, and the division of spoils](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/khaybar): What the hadith records of the conquest of Khaybar (7 AH): the captives taken, Safiyya's case, and the division of the land of Khaybar among the Muslims. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Buyu', no. 2235 (in-book: Book 34, hadith 181); Sunan Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Kharaj, no. 3011; al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya (account of Khaybar); cf. also al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, chapter on Khaybar)
- [The conquest of Mecca — Sahih al-Bukhari 4280](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/mecca-conquest): The report of the conquest of Mecca (8 AH): the surrender of Abu Sufyan, the tribes passing before him in battle formation, the Prophet's rejection of Sa'd ibn Ubada's war cry, and the entry of the armies into Mecca. (Primary Sources: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Maghazi, no. 4280 (chapter: 'Where did the Prophet fix the flag on the day of the conquest of Mecca?'); al-Sira al-Nabawiyya (the conquest of Mecca, 8 AH); al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, chapter on Mecca)
- [The spoils and the khums — Qur'an 8:1 and 8:41](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-8-1-41-spoils): The two verses of the spoils: the opening of Surat al-Anfal on the division of the war-gains, and the khums verse with its fixed fifth and the named recipients. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 8:1 (Surat al-Anfal); Al-Qur'an 8:41 (Surat al-Anfal); Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 8:1 and 8:41)
- [The day of Hunayn — Qur'an 9:25-26](https://al-masadir.pages.dev/entries/quran-9-25-26-hunayn): The verses recording the near-defeat at Hunayn — the multitude that availed nothing, the flight, and the divine turning — with the classical historical frame of the campaign. (Primary Sources: Al-Qur'an 9:25-26 (Surat al-Tawba); al-Sira al-Nabawiyya (the campaign of Hunayn, 8 AH) and Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim, on 9:25-26)